Guud ahaan, hal weji emulsion waa biyo ama xal aqueous, kaas oo loo yaqaan wajiga aqueous; Marxaladda kale waa weji dabiici ah oo aan biyuhu la socon karin, oo loo yaqaan wejiga saliidda.

1. Kala saarista

Saddex qaab oo kala saarid:

1. Lagu kala soocay ilaha: alaabta dabiiciga ah iyo alaabta synthetic;

2. Lagu kala saaray miisaanka kelli: emulsifiers miisaan yar oo kelli ah (c10-c20) iyo emulsifiers sare ee miisaanka kelli (c kumanaan);

3. Sida laga soo xigtay haddii ay ionize karaa in xal aqueous, waxa loo qaybin karaa nooca ionic (anion, cations, iyo anion iyo cations) iyo nooca non-ionic.

Tani waa habka ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo kala saarista.

 

2. Shaqada iyo mabda'a emulsifiers

Shaqada ugu weyn ee emulsifiers waa in la yareeyo xiisadda dusha sare ee labada dareere ee emulsified. Sidaa darteed, marka surfactants loo isticmaalo emulsifiers, mid ka mid ah dhamaadka kooxdooda hydrophobic adsorbps dusha sare ee qayb dareere ah oo aan milmayn (sida saliid), halka kooxda hydrophilic ku fidsan tahay xagga biyaha. Surfactants ayaa si toos ah loogu habeeyey dusha sare ee qaybaha dareeraha ah si ay u sameeyaan filim xayeysiis ah oo hydrophilic ah (filimka dhexda ah), si loo yareeyo soo jiidashada wadajirka ah ee dhibcaha dhibcaha, yareeyaan xiisadda dusha sare ee u dhaxaysa labada weji, iyo kor u qaadida kala firdhinta labada dhinac si ay u sameeyaan emulsions.

Isku-duubnaanta surfactant-ku waxay saameyn toos ah ku leedahay xoogga maaskarada wejiga wajiga. Iyada oo xoogga saaraysa sare, waxaa jira molecules badan oo surfactant ah oo lagu dhejiyay interface-ka, samaynta maaskaro weji oo cufan oo xooggan.

emulsifiers kala duwan waxay leeyihiin saameyn emulsification kala duwan, iyo qadarka loo baahan yahay si loo gaaro saamaynta emulsification ugu fiican sidoo kale way kala duwan tahay. Guud ahaan marka loo hadlo, way weyn tahay xoogga molecular ee emulsifier kaas oo sameeya maaskarada wejiga xuduudka, ayaa sare u kaca xoogga filimka, iyo inta badan ee looshanku xasilan yahay; Taas beddelkeeda, xoogga yar ee xoogga yar, ayaa hoos u dhigaya xoogga filimka, iyo in ka badan oo aan xasilloonayn emulsion-ka.

Marka ay jiraan molecules organic polar sida khamriga dufanka leh, aashitada dufanka leh iyo aminka dufanka leh ee maaskarada wajiga, xoogga xuubka ayaa si weyn u wanaajiyay. Tani waa sababta oo ah molecules emulsifier waxay la falgalaan molecules polar sida aalkolada, aashitada iyo amine ee lakabka adsorption interface si ay u sameeyaan kakan, taas oo kordhisa xoogga maaskarada wejiga.

Emulsifier ka kooban in ka badan laba surfactants waa emulsifier isku dhafan. Sababtoo ah isdhexgalka xooggan ee ka dhexeeya molecules, xiisadda isdhexgalka ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacaysa, qadarka emulsifier ee lagu dhejiyay isdhexgalka ayaa si weyn u kordhay, cufnaanta iyo xoogga maaskarada wejiga ee la sameeyay ayaa kordhay.

Inta lagu jiro samaynta emulsion, xiisadda isdhexgalka ee u dhexeeya saliidda iyo biyaha ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacaysa ka qaybgalka surfactants, waxayna noqotaa emulsion deggan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, weli waxaa jira xiisad is dhex gal ah oo saliid-biyo ah oo ku jirta emulsion taas oo aan gaari karin eber sababtoo ah CMC ama xaddidaadaha milanka. Sidaa darteed, kareemku waa hab-dhismeed heerkulbeeg ah oo aan degganayn.

Xiisadda wejiga ee u dhaxaysa saliidda iyo biyaha emulsion-ka micro waa mid aad u hooseeya oo aan la qiyaasi karin. Waa nidaam degganaansho heerkulbeeg ah. Tan waxaa inta badan lagu gaaraa in lagu daro nooc labaad oo ah surfactant oo leh sifooyin kala duwan (sida khamriga dhexdhexaadka ah sida pentanol, hexanol, iyo heptanol, oo loo yaqaan co surfactants), taas oo sii yareyn karta xiisadda dhexda ah ilaa heer aad u yar, xitaa taasoo keentay qiyam xun oo degdeg ah. Tan waxaa lagu sharxi karaa isla'egta xayeysiinta Gibbs ee nidaamyada qaybaha badan.

 

3. Nooca emulsion

Nooca

Emulsion caadi ah , hal weji waa biyo ama xal aqueous, iyo tan kale waa maadada organic taas oo aan lagu milmayn biyaha, sida dufan, wax, iwm. emulsion ay sameeyeen biyaha iyo saliid waxa loo qaybin karaa saddex nooc:

(a) Saliida nooca biyaha ah (O'W)
(e) Caanaha isku jira (W/O/W)
(b) Saliida nooca biyaha ah (W/O)

(1) Saliid/biyaha (0/W) emulsion, saliid lagu kala firdhiyey biyaha. Saliiddu waa weji fidsan (internal phase), biyuhuna waa weji joogto ah (external phase) saliid ku jirta emulsion-ka biyaha, taas oo lagu qasi karo biyo. Sida caanaha, caanaha soybeanka, iwm.

(2) Biyo/saliid (W/0) emulsion, biyo lagu kala firdhiyey saliid. Biyuhu waa weji kala firdhisan (internal phase) saliidduna waa weji joogto ah (wejiga dibadda) ee biyaha ku jira emulsion oil. Emulsion noocan ah waxaa lagu qasi karaa saliid. Sida subagga macmalka ah, saliidda cayriin, iwm.

3

 

Habka hubinta nooca emulsion

(1) Habka milanka

Ku qas emulsion-ka isla dareere la mid ah wajiga joogtada ah. Emulsion-ka biyuhu waa nooca saliidda/biyaha, iyo emulsion-ka saliidda ku milma waa nooca biyaha/saliida.
Tusaale ahaan, caanaha waxaa lagu qasi karaa biyo, laakiin laguma qasi karo saliidda cuntada. Waxaa la arki karaa in caanuhu yihiin O/W emulsion.

(2) Habka wax-qabadka

Hab-dhaqanka biyaha iyo saliiddu aad bay u kala duwan yihiin, iyo hab-dhaqanka emulsion-ka saliidda/biyaha ayaa boqollaal jeer ka badan kan biyaha/saliidda. Sidaa darteed, laba electrodes ayaa la geliyaa emulsion-ka iyo neon-ga ayaa si isdaba-joog ah ugu xiran wareegga, iyo iftiinka saliidda / biyaha ayaa shidan.

(3) Habka wasakhaynta

Ku dar 2-3 dhibcood oo saliid ku salaysan ama midabada biyaha ku salaysan tuubada tijaabada, oo ku xukun nooca emulsion sida waafaqsan nooca dheeha ka dhigi kara wajiga joogtada ah mid siman.

(4) Sifee habka qoynta warqadda

Ku rid kiriimka warqadda shaandhada. Haddii dareeruhu si degdeg ah u ballaarin karo oo dhibic yar ayaa ku hartay bartamaha, kareemku waa saliid biyo ku jira; haddii looshanku aanu balaadhin, saliidda nooca biyaha ah.

(5) Habka milicsiga indhaha

Tusmada dib-u-celinta kala duwan ee biyaha iyo saliidda iftiinka ayaa loo adeegsadaa si loo aqoonsado nooca emulsion-ka. Haddii emulsion-ku yahay saliidda biyaha, qaybuhu waxay ciyaaraan door ururin iftiin ah, oo kaliya qaybta bidix ee qaybaha ayaa lagu arki karaa mikroskoob; Haddii emulsion-ku yahay biyaha saliidda, qaybuhu waxay ciyaaraan doorka astigmatism, oo kaliya qaabka saxda ah ee qaybaha ayaa lagu arki karaa mikroskoob;

Qodobbada ugu muhiimsan ee saameeya nooca emulsion

(1)Mugga wejiga:

Aragtida mugga wejiga waxaa soo jeediyay 0stwald marka laga eego dhinaca joomatari. Aragtida ayaa ah in haddii loo qaato in dareeraha dareeraha ah ee kareemku ay isku cabbir yihiin iyo goobo adag, jajabka mugga wejiga ee kuulyada dareeraha ah waxay xisaabin karaan oo keliya 74.02% wadarta mugga marka ay ugu cufan yihiin. Haddii tirada mugga wejiga ee kuul dareeraha ah ay ka weyn tahay 74.02%, kareemku wuu qalloocanayaa ama wuu dhaawacmi doonaa.

(a) Dhibco lebis ah oo tuso emulsion togan
(b) Emulsion cufan oo dhibco ah oo aan sinnayn
(c) Dhibcaha dareeraha ah ee aan wareega lahayn waxay u baahan yihiin is dulsaar iyo emulsion (aan degganayn)

Tusaale ahaan u soo qaado nooca O/W, haddii heerka heerka saliidda uu ka weyn yahay 74.02%, emulsion waxa uu samayn karaa oo keliya W/0, marka nooca O/i uu ka yar yahay 25.98%, iyo marka jajabku yahay 25.98% -74.02%, waxa uu samayn karaa 0/W ama W0 midkood.

 

Qaab dhismeedka molecular iyo sifooyinka Emulsifiers - Aragtida Wedge

Aragtida wedge waxay ku salaysan tahay qaab-dhismeedka bannaan ee emulsifiers si loo go'aamiyo nooca emulsion. Aragtida wedge waxay soo jeedinaysaa in aagagga isdhaafka ah ee kooxaha hydrophilic iyo hydrophobic ee emulsifiers aysan sinnayn. Unugyada emulsifiers-ka waxa loo eegaa sidii wejiyaal, oo cidhifku ka weyn yahay kan kalena ka yar yahay. Dhamaadka yar ee emulsifier-ga waxaa la gelin karaa dusha sare ee dhibicda sida jeexan oo kale waxaana loo habeeyaa hab jihada ah ee is dhexgalka biyaha saliidda. Dhamaadka cirifka hydrophilic wuxuu ku fidaa marxaladda aqueous, halka silsiladda hydrocarbon lipophilic ay ku fidsan tahay wajiga saliidda, taasoo keentay kororka xoogga isdhexgalka.

 

Saamaynta Qalabka Emulsifier ee Nooca Emulsion

Marka lagu daro saameynta arrimaha sida walxaha ka kooban emulsion iyo xaaladaha sameynta emulsion, xaaladaha dibadda ayaa sidoo kale saameyn ku leh nooca emulsion. Tusaale ahaan, dabeecadda hydrophilic iyo lipophilic ee gidaarka emulsion waa mid xooggan, O / W emulsion waa sahlan tahay in la sameeyo marka dabeecadda hydrophilic ee gidaarka emulsion ay xooggan tahay, halka W / 0 emulsion ay fududahay in la sameeyo marka dabeecadda lipophilic ee derbiga emulsion ay xooggan tahay. Sababta ayaa ah in dareeruhu u baahan yahay inuu ilaaliyo lakabka wejiga joogtada ah ee darbiga, si aanay u fududayn in lagu kala firdhiyo kuul dareeraha ah marka la walaaqayo. Muraayada waa hydrophilic halka balaastikada ay tahay hydrophobic, sidaas darteed kan hore wuxuu u nugul yahay inuu sameeyo O/W emulsions halka kan dambe uu u nugul yahay inuu sameeyo W/0 emulsions.

 

Aragtida Xawaaraha Isku-darka Labada Waji

Aragtida xawaaraha isbahaysigu waxa ay ka soo bilaabataa saamaynta xawaaraha isku xidhka ee labada nooc ee dhibcaha ah ee ka kooban emulsion-ka emulsion-ka, waxana ay xukmisay in xawaaraha isku xidhka labada nooc ee dhibcuhu uu ku xidhan yahay xawaaraha dhuxusha ee labada nooc ee dhibcaha marka emulsion, shark, iyo dil wada daboolaan baahida.

 

Heerkulka

Korodhka heerkulka ayaa hoos u dhigi doona heerka fuuq-baxa ee kooxaha hydrophilic, taas oo hoos u dhigaysa hydrophilicity ee molecules. Sidaa darteed, emulsion-ka 0/w ee lagu sameeyay heerkul hoose ayaa laga yaabaa inuu isu beddelo emulsion W/0 marka la kululeeyo. Heerkulkan kala-guurka ah waa heerkulka ay hydrophilic iyo lipophilic sifooyinka dusha sare ay gaadhaan dheellitirka ku habboon, loo yaqaan heerkulka kala-guurka wajiga PIT.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka fiirsashada emulsifier ay ku filan tahay inay ka adkaato saameynta hantida qoynta ee walxaha emulsifier, nooca emulsion ee la sameeyay kaliya waxay ku xiran tahay dabeecadda emulsifier lafteeda oo aan wax shaqo ah ku lahayn hydrophilicity iyo lipophilicity derbiga markabka.