Guud ahaan, hal weji oo emulsion waa biyo ama xalka aqueous, oo loo yaqaan wejiga aqueous; Wejiga kale waa waji dabiici ah oo aan lagu eegi karin biyaha, oo loo yaqaan wejiga saliidda.

1, Kala-soocidda

Saddex habab oo kala-soocid ah:

1. Waxaa lagu soocay isha: alaabada dabiiciga ah iyo waxyaabaha isku-dhafka ah;

2. Waxaa lagu soocay miisaanka Molecular: Miisaanka Molecular Milciolififiers (C10-C20) iyo Miisaan culus oo Mool ah Emusmofiers (C Kumas);

3. Marka loo eego hadii ay ku dhici karto haynta xalka aqueque, waxaa loo qaybin karaa nooca ionic (xallinta, caqabadaha, iyo xallinta) iyo nooca aan lahayn.

Tani waa habka loo isticmaalo kala-soocidda.

 

2, Shaqada iyo mabda'a emulsifiers

Shaqada ugu weyn ee emulsifiersku waa in la yareeyo dusha sare ee labada cabitaan ee la cadeeyo. Sidaa darteed, markii samafalka loo istcimaalo sida emuudsade ah, hal dhamaadka kooxdooda hydrophobic-ka dusha sare ee walxaha dareeraha ee aan caadiga ahayn (sida saliida), halka kooxda biyaha kubaxa ah ay u fidiyaan biyaha. Surfacts-ka ayaa jiil ahaan loogu habeeyaa dusha sare ee walxaha dareeraha ah si ay u sameeyaan filim dareere ah oo biyo ah

U fiirsashada Surwachut waxay saameyn toos ah ku leedahay xoogga maaskaro wajiga ee is dhexgalka. Iyada oo feejignaan sarreysa, waxaa jira moleekulal badan oo dusha sare ah oo lagu xalliyo is-dhexgalka, oo samaysmaya maaskaro wajiga oo cufan oo xoog badan.

Emulsifiers kala duwan ayaa leh saameyn firfircoon oo kaladuwan, iyo qadarka loo baahan yahay si loo gaaro saamaynta emulsimity sidoo kale way kala duwan tahay. Guud ahaan marka la hadlayo, weynaato xoogga molikalar ee emulsifier abuuraya maaskaro wajiga ee xadka, xoogga sare, iyo kuwa aad u deggan, Taa baddalkeeda, xoogga yar, xoogga hoose ee xoogga filimka, iyo kuwa ka sii degganaan ee emulsion.

Marka ay jiraan moleekuleyaal dabiici ah oo dabiici ah sida aalkolo dufan leh, dufanka leh iyo dufanka dufanka leh maaskaro wajiga, xoogga xuubka ayaa si weyn loo hagaajiyaa. Tani waa sababta oo ah Emulsifier Molecules wuxuu la falgalayaa molar molar ah sida aalkolada, aalkolada iyo amine ku jira lakabka xargaha ee is dhexgalka si ay u dhisaan dhif, taas oo kordhisa awoodda maaskaro wajiga wajiga.

Emunifier ka kooban laba ka badan surpalarts waa emulsifier isku dhafan. Sababo la xiriira is-dhexgalka adag ee ka dhexeeya moleekuleyaasha, xiisadda is-dhexgalka ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacday, qadarka emulsifier adfeeced on interface-ka si weyn ayaa loo kordhiyaa, cufnaanta iyo xoogga maaskarada wajiga ee la sameeyay ayaa kordhay.

Intii lagu gudajiray samaynta emulsion, xiisadda guud ee udhaxeysa saliida iyo biyaha ayaa si weyn hoos loogu dhimay ka-qaybgalka surfacayaasha, waxayna noqotaa emulsion deggan. Si kastaba ha noqotee, wali waxaa jira xiisad biyo-is-dhexgal saliid ah oo ka jirta emulsion oo aan la gaari karin eber sababtoo ah cmc ama xayiraad xaruuf. Sidaa darteed, kareemada waa nidaam aan degane ahayn.

Xiisadda is-dhexgalka ee udhaxeysa saliida iyo biyaha micro emulsion waa mid aad u hooseeya oo aan la cabiri karin. Waa nidaam xasilloon heerkul ah. Tan waxaa inta badan lagu gaaraa iyadoo lagu daro nooc labaad oo sarkaal ah oo leh guryo gabi ahaanba ah (sida aalkolo dhexdhexaad ah oo dhexdhexaad ah sida pentanol, heptanol, oo loo yaqaan COPlactords), taas oo sii yareyn karta qiyamka isdaba-joogga ah ee heer aad u yar, xitaa ay keentaa qiimayaasha degdegga ah ee taban. Tan waxaa lagu sharixi karaa isleegyada xabagta Gibbs-ka ee nidaamyada xubnaha-qaybo badan.

 

3, Nooca Emulsion

Teeb ku qorid

Emulsion caanka ah, hal weji waa biyo ama xalka aqueous, kan kalena waa arin dabiici ah oo biyo ah, sida dufan, iwm.

(a) saliid ku jirta nooca biyaha (o'w)
(e) Milkiilaha xarunta (w / o / w)
(b) Saliid ku jirta nooca biyaha (W / o)

(1) saliid / biyo (0 / w) emulsion, saliida ayaa lagu kala firdhiyey biyaha. Saliiddu waa wejiga kala firidhsan (wejiga gudaha), iyo biyuhu waa marxalad isdaba joog ah (wajiga dibedda) saliidda) saliida ku jirta emulsion, oo lagu qasi karo biyo. Sida caanaha, caano soybean ah, iwm.

(2) Biyaha / saliidda (W / 0) Emulsion, oo ku faafa biyaha. Biyuhu waa wejiga kala firidhsan (wejiga gudaha) iyo saliida waa marxalad isdaba joog ah (wejiga dibedda) ee biyaha ee biyaha emulsion. Noocan emulsion noocan ah waxaa lagu qasi karaa saliid. Sida subagga aan dabiici ahayn, saliid cayriin ah, iwm.

(3) Emulsions qaabeysan oo kale, oo lagu sameeyo kala firidhsan ee lakabka iyo saliidda ee dhibcaha saliida iyo biyaha ee lagu ridayo wejiga biyaha ee la kala eryo saliid cayriin.

 

Habka loo hubiyo nooca emulsion

(1) Habka dilitaanka

Ku milo emulsion isku mid ah sida wejiga joogtada ah. Emulsion-ka biyaha ayaa ah nooca biyuhu waa nooc / biyo, oo emulsion-ka saliida ayaa ah nooca biyaha / saliida.
Tusaale ahaan, caano waxaa lagu qasi karaa biyo, laakiin laguma dhibi karo saliidda cuntada. Waxaa lagu arki karaa in caanoku yahay o / w emulsion.

(2) Qaabka loo maro

Jidadka biyaha iyo saliida si weyn ayey u kala duwan yihiin, iyo wanaajinta saliida saliida / biyaha ayaa boqolaal jeer ka weyn kan biyaha / saliidda. Sidaa darteed, laba koronto ayaa la galiyaa emulsion iyo neon wuxuu ku xiran yahay taxanaha taxanaha loop, iyo iftiinka saliida / biyaha ayaa saaran.

(3) Qaabka xasaasiga ah

Ku dar 2-3 dhibcood oo ku saleysan saliida ku saleysan saliida ama biyaha ku saleysan biyaha tuubada tijaabada, oo u xukumaan nooca emulsion sida ku xusan nooca dheeh ah ee ka dhigi kara wejiga joogtada ah ee si isku mid ah midab leh.

(4) Shaashadda shaandhaynta

Ka tuur kareemka waraaqda shaandhada. Haddii dareeruhu si dhakhso ah u ballaarin karo oo dhibic yar ayaa ka hadhay bartamaha, lagareemo biyaha ayaa biyuhu ku dhexjirtaa; Haddii dhibcaha looshin-ka aysan balaarin, saliida ku jirta nooca biyaha.

(5) Qaabka Caafista ee indhaha

Tilmaanta kala-soocidda ee kaladuwan ee biyaha iyo saliida si loo nuuxnuuxsado waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu aqoonsado nooca emulsion. Haddii emulsion-ka uu biyo ku dhex yaal, walxaha ayaa ka ciyaara door soomidrada iftiinka, oo kaliya ee dulmar bidix oo ah walxaha waxaa lagu arki karaa microscope; Haddii emulsion-ka uu ku jiro saliida, walxaha ayaa ka ciyaara doorka Astigmatism, oo kaliya safka saxda ah ee walxaha ayaa lagu arki karaa microscope;

Sababaha ugu waaweyn ee saameeya nooca emulsion

(1) Mugga wejiga:

Fikradda mugga wajiga waxaa lagu soo jeediyay 0stwald aragti joomatari ah. Aragtida ayaa ah in ay u malaynayso in guluusyada dareeraha ah ay la mid yihiin isku cabir iyo xiidmaha mugga wejiga ee xijaabka dareeraha ah ay ku xisaabtami karaan oo keliya 74.02% wadarta guud ee ay aad u duuban yihiin. Haddii tirada mugga wajiga wajiga ee galmada dareeraha ah ay ka badan tahay 74.02%, lotion-ka ayaa noqon doona mid cilad ah ama burburin doona.

(a) dhibicda dhibicda isku-dhafka ah ee hodanka ah emulsion
(b) dhibic dhibic oo aan caadi ahayn
(c) dhibcaha dareeraha dareeraha ah ee aan laf-dhabarta ahayn waxay u baahan yihiin xidhitaan iyo emulsion (aan xasilloonayn)

Qaado nooca o / w nooca emulsion-ka ah tusaale ahaan, haddii tirada saliidda saliidda ay ka badan tahay 74.02%, marka nooca O / 0 ay ka yar tahay 25.98.02%, waxaa laga yaabaa inay sameyso labadaba 0 / W ama w0 ama w0

 

Qaab dhismeedka molika iyo guryaha ee emulsifiers - wedge aragti

Fikradda ah aragtida xirta waxay ku saleysan tahay qaab-dhismeedka ku habboon ee emulsifiers si loo go'aamiyo nooca emulsion. Fikradda aragtida ah waxay muujineysaa in qaybaha isku-dhafka ah ee katallaabta ah ee kooxaha biyaha ku dhaca iyo hydrophobic ee emulssifiers aan la mid ahayn. Molecules of emulsifiers waxaa loo arkaa inay yihiin gundhig, oo hal dhamaadka ka weyn oo ka yar kan kale. Dhamaadka yar ee emulsifier-ka waxaa lagu galin karaa dusha sare ee dhibicda sida weelka oo loo habeeyey oo loo habeeyey hab jilbis ah oo ku yaal interface-ka biyaha. Dhamaadka 'hydrophilic' wuxuu ku fidsan yahay wejiga aqueous, halka silsiladda kuleylka libta-lipophilic hydrocarnan ay ku fidsan tahay wejiga saliidda, taasoo dhalisay in la kordhiyo xoogga bulshada ee kordhay.

 

Saamaynta Emulsifier ee nooca emulsion nooca

Marka laga soo tago saameynta arrimo ay ka mid yihiin agabyada ka kooban emulsion iyo xaaladaha abuurista emulsion, xaaladaha dibedda sidoo kale waxay saameyn ku yeeshaan nooca emulsion. Tusaale ahaan, dabeecadda biyaha ku jirta iyo libaax ee darbiga emulsion waa mid adag, iyo o / w emul ceyrku waa sahlan tahay marka nooca dabiiciga ah ee derbiga emulslion ay u fududahay in la sameeyo marka dabeecadda lipultion derbiga emulsion uu xoog badan yahay. Sababta ayaa ah in dareeraha uu u baahan yahay inuu ilaaliyo lakabka wejiga joogtada ah ee derbiga, si aan u fududaanin in lagu kala firdhiyo guntin dareere ah marka ay kareyso. Muraacku waa biyo-galeenka inta caaggu ah yahay hydrophobic, sidaa darteed kii hore wuxuu u nugul yahay inuu sameeyo o / w emulsions halka kan dambe uu u nugul yahay inuu sameeyo w / 0 emulsions.

 

Fikradda isku-darka xawaaraha laba weji

Fikradda xawaaraha is-weydiinta ayaa ka bilaabmaya saameynta xawaaraha is-weydiinta labada nooc ee dhibcaha oo ka dhigaya emulsion xawaaraha labada qaybood ee dhibcaha ah markii emulsion, shark, oo ay dilaan si wada jir ah baahida.

 

Heer kuleyl

Heerkulka korodhku wuxuu yareyn doonaa heerka biqiga ee raashinka ee kooxaha hydorophilic-ka, taasoo yareynaysa biyo-galka moleekules-ka. Sidaa darteed, Emulsion 0 / W ee lagu sameeyay heerkulka hooseeya ayaa loo beddeli karaa W / 0 Emulsion markii uu kululeeyo. Heerkulkan kala-guurka ayaa ah heerkulka ay ku jiraan sifooyinka biyaha iyo libta-libtau ee ay ka soo baxaan isu-dheellitir ku habboon, oo loo yaqaan qodobka ku meel gaarka ah ee heerkulka.

Si kastaba ha noqotee, markii feejignaanta emulsifierku uu aad u ballaaran yahay si looga gudbo saameynta hantida hantida ee walxaha emulsifier, oo ah nooca emulsifier-ka, oo aan wax lug ah ku lahayn biyo-baxa iyo libtawga darbiga weelka weelka.