Tusmada Maqaalkan:
1. Horumarinta Amino Acids
2. Guryaha dhismaha
3. Halabuurka kiimikada
4.Qaybta
5. Synthesis
6. sifooyinka physicochemical
7. Sunta
8. Dhaqdhaqaaqa ka hortagga jeermiska
9. sifooyinka Rheological
10. Codsiyada warshadaha qurxinta
11. Codsiyada qurxinta maalinlaha ah
Amino Acid Surfactants (AAS)waa nooc ka mid ah surfactants oo la sameeyay iyadoo la isku daray kooxaha hydrophobic iyo hal ama in ka badan oo Amino Acids ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, Acids Amino Acids waxay noqon kartaa synthetic ama laga soo qaatay borotiinka hydrolysates ama ilo la mid ah oo la cusboonaysiin karo. Warqadani waxay daboolaysaa faahfaahinta inta badan waddooyinka synthetic ee la heli karo ee AAS iyo saamaynta waddooyinka kala duwan ee sifooyinka physicochemical ee alaabta dhammaadka ah, oo ay ku jiraan milanka, xasilloonida kala firdhisanaanta, sunta iyo biodegradaability. Sida fasalka surfactants ee baahida sii kordheysa, kala duwanaanshaha AAS sababtoo ah qaabdhismeedkooda doorsooma ayaa bixiya tiro badan oo fursado ganacsi ah.
Marka la eego in surfactants si weyn loogu isticmaalo saabuunta, emulsifiers, inhibitors daxalka, soo kabashada saliidda jaamacadda iyo dawooyinka, cilmi-baarayaashu weligood ma joojin inay fiiro gaar ah u yeeshaan surfactants.
Surfactants waa alaabada kiimikaad ee ugu badan ee laga isticmaalo xaddi badan maalin kasta aduunka oo saameyn xun ku yeeshay deegaanka biyaha.Daraasaduhu waxay muujiyeen in isticmaalka baahsan ee surfactants-dhaqameedku ay saameyn xun ku yeelan karaan deegaanka.
Maanta, sun la'aanta, biodegradability iyo biocompatibility ayaa ku dhawaad muhiim u ah macaamiisha sida isticmaalka iyo waxqabadka surfactants.
Biosurfactants waa surfactants waara deegaanka saaxiibtinimo in ay si dabiici ah u farsameeyay by microorganisms sida bakteeriyada, fangaska, iyo khamiir, ama sir ka baxsan unugyada.Sidaa darteed, biosurfactants sidoo kale waxaa lagu diyaarin karaa naqshad molecular si ay u ekaato qaab-dhismeedka amphiphilic ee dabiiciga ah, sida phospholipids, alkyl glycosides iyo acyl Amino Acids.
Amino Acid Surfactants (AAS)waa mid ka mid ah surfactants-ka caadiga ah, sida caadiga ah laga soo saaro xoolaha ama alaabta ceeriin beeralayda. Labaatankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, AAS waxay soo jiidatay xiiso badan oo saynisyahano ah sida surfactants cusub, ma aha oo kaliya sababtoo ah waxaa laga samayn karaa khayraadka la cusboonaysiin karo, laakiin sidoo kale sababtoo ah AAS waa kuwo diyaar ah oo la dumin karo oo ay leeyihiin alaabooyin aan waxyeello lahayn, iyaga oo ka dhigaya kuwo ammaan ah deegaanka.
AAS waxa lagu qeexi karaa inay tahay nooc Surfactants ah oo ka kooban Amino Acids oo ay ku jiraan kooxaha Amino Acid (HO 2 C-CHR-NH 2) ama hadhaaga Amino Acid (HO 2 C-CHR-NH-). Labada gobol ee shaqeeya ee Amino Acids waxay u oggolaanayaan soo saarista noocyo kala duwan oo surfactants ah. Wadarta 20-ka caadiga ah ee Proteinogenic Amino Acids ayaa la og yahay inay ka jiraan dabeecadda waxayna mas'uul ka yihiin dhammaan falcelinta jireed ee koritaanka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa nolosha. Waxay ku kala duwan yihiin midba midka kale kaliya marka loo eego hadhaaga R (Jaantus 1, pk a waa logarithm-ka taban ee kala-soocidda acid joogto ah ee xalka). Qaar ka mid ah waa non-polar iyo hydrophobic, qaar waa polar iyo hydrophilic, qaar waa asaasi ah qaarna waa acidic.
Sababtoo ah Amino Acids waa xeryahooda la cusboonaysiin karo, surfactants-ka laga sameeyay Amino Acids ayaa sidoo kale leh awood sare si ay u noqdaan kuwo waara oo saaxiibtinimo leh. Qaab dhismeedka fudud iyo dabiiciga ah, sunta hooseeysa iyo biodegradability degdeg ah ayaa inta badan ka dhigaya inay ka sarreeyaan surfactants caadiga ah. Isticmaalka alaabta ceeriin ee dib loo cusboonaysiin karo (tusaale Amino Acids iyo saliidaha khudradda), AAS waxa soo saari kara wadooyin bayoteknoloji oo kala duwan iyo dariiqyo kiimikaad.
Horraantii qarnigii 20-aad, Amino Acids ayaa markii ugu horreysay la ogaaday in loo isticmaalo sida substrates ee isku dhafka surfactants.AAS waxaa inta badan loo isticmaali jiray ka-ilaaliyeyaal ahaan qaababka dawooyinka iyo kuwa la isku qurxiyo.Intaa waxaa dheer, AAS waxaa lagu ogaadey inay bayooloji ahaan u firfircoon tahay oo ka soo horjeeda noocyo kala duwan oo bakteeriyada cudurada keena, burooyinka, iyo fayrasyada. 1988-kii, helitaanka qiimaha jaban ee AAS waxay abuurtay xiisaha cilmi-baarista ee dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare. Maanta, horumarinta cilmiga bayoolajiga, qaar ka mid ah Amino Acids ayaa sidoo kale awood u leh in lagu farsameeyo ganacsi ahaan baaxad weyn oo khamiir ah, taas oo si dadban u caddaynaysa in wax soo saarka AAS uu yahay mid deegaanka u fiican.
01 Horumarinta Amino Acids
Horraantii qarnigii 19-aad, markii ugu horreysay ee la helay Amino Acids si dabiici ah, qaab-dhismeedkooda ayaa la saadaaliyay inay aad u qiimo badan yihiin - oo loo isticmaali karo sida alaabta ceeriin ee diyaarinta amphiphiles. Daraasadii ugu horeysay ee ku saabsan isku dhafka AAS waxaa soo sheegay Bondi 1909.
Daraasadaas, N-acylglycine iyo N-acylalanine ayaa loo soo bandhigay kooxo hydrophilic ah oo loogu talagalay surfactants. Shaqada xigta waxay ku lug lahayd isku-dhafka lipoAmino Acids (AAS) iyadoo la adeegsanayo glycine iyo alanine, iyo Hentric et al. daabacay natiijooyin taxane ah,oo ay ku jiraan codsiga patent-ka ugu horreeya, ee ku saabsan isticmaalka acyl sarcosinate iyo acyl aspartate cusbada sida surfactants ee alaabta nadiifinta guriga (tusaale shaambo, saabuunta iyo daawada cadayga).Ka dib, cilmi-baarayaal badan ayaa baadhay isku-dhafka iyo sifooyinka physicochemical ee acyl Amino Acids. Ilaa hadda, tiro badan oo suugaan ah ayaa lagu daabacay isku-dhafka, guryaha, codsiyada warshadaha iyo biodegradability ee AAS.
02 Guryaha Dhismaha
Silsilada aashitada dufanka leh ee AAS-da aan dabaylaha ahayn ee AAS waxay ku kala duwanaan kartaa qaabdhismeedka, dhererka silsiladda iyo tirada.Kala duwanaanshaha qaabdhismeedka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare ee AAS waxay sharxayaan kala duwanaanshahooda kala duwanaansho iyo kiimiko kiimikaad iyo bayooloji. Kooxaha madaxa ee AAS waxay ka kooban yihiin Amino Acids ama peptides. Kala duwanaanshaha kooxaha madaxa ayaa go'aamiya xayeysiinta, isku-darka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa bayoolojiga ee kuwan surfactants. Kooxaha shaqada ee kooxda madaxa ayaa markaa go'aaminaya nooca AAS, oo ay ku jiraan cationic, anionic, nonionic, iyo amphoteric. Isku darka Amino Acids hydrophilic iyo hydrophobic qaybaha silsiladda dheer waxay sameeyaan qaab dhismeed amphiphilic taasoo ka dhigaysa molecule mid aad u firfircoon. Intaa waxaa dheer, joogitaanka atamka kaarboonka asymmetric ee molecule waxay caawisaa samaynta molecules chiral.
03 Halabuurka Kiimikada
Dhammaan Peptides iyo Polypeptides waa alaabada Polymerization ee ku dhawaad 20 α-Proteinogenic α-Amino Acids. Dhammaan 20 α-Amino Acids waxay ka kooban yihiin koox hawleed karboksilic acid (-COOH) iyo koox hawleed amino (-NH 2), labaduba waxay ku xiran yihiin isla tetrahedral α-carbon atomi. Amino Acids way ku kala duwan yihiin kooxaha kala duwan ee R ee ku xiran α-carbon (marka laga reebo lycine, halkaasoo kooxda R ay tahay hydrogen.) Kooxaha R waxay ku kala duwanaan karaan qaab dhismeedka, cabbirka iyo kharashka (ashitada, alkalinity). Kala duwanaanshahan ayaa sidoo kale go'aamiya milanka Amino Acids ee biyaha.
Amino Acids waa chiral (marka laga reebo glycine) waxayna si muuqata u firfircoon yihiin dabeecadda sababtoo ah waxay leeyihiin afar beddelaad oo kala duwan oo ku xiran alfa carbon. Amino Acids waxay leeyihiin laba qaab oo macquul ah; waxay yihiin sawirro muraayado aan is-dul-saar lahayn oo midba midka kale ah, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in tirada L-stereoisomers ay aad u badan tahay. Kooxda R-ku waxay ku jirtaa qaar ka mid ah Amino Acids (Phenylalanine, Tyrosine iyo Tryptophan) waa aryl, taasoo horseedaysa nuugista UV ugu badnaan 280 nm. Aashitada α-COOH iyo α-NH 2 ee aasaasiga ah ee Amino Acids ayaa awood u leh ionization, iyo labadaba stereoisomers, mid kasta oo ay yihiin, waxay dhisaan dheellitirka ionization ee hoos lagu muujiyey.
R-COOH ↔R-COO-＋H＋
R-NH3＋↔R-NH2＋H＋
Sida lagu muujiyay dheellitirka ionization ee kor ku xusan, asiidhyada amino-yada waxaa ku jira ugu yaraan laba kooxood oo daciif ah; si kastaba ha ahaatee, kooxda karboksylku aad ayay uga sii acidic badan tahay marka la barbar dhigo kooxda amino-protonated. pH 7.4, kooxda karboksylku waa la sii daayay halka kooxda amino la soo saaray. Amino acids oo leh kooxaha R ee aan ionizable ahayn ayaa korantada dhexdhexaad ka ah pH waxayna sameeyaan zwitterion.
04 Kala saarista
AAS waxaa loo kala saari karaa iyadoo loo eegayo afar shuruudood, kuwaas oo hoos lagu sharaxay markooda.
4.1 Marka loo eego asalka
| Marka loo eego asalka, AAS waxaa loo qaybin karaa 2 qaybood sida soo socota. ① Qaybta Dabiiciga ah Qaar ka mid ah xeryahooda dabiiciga ah ee ka kooban amino acids ayaa sidoo kale awood u leh inay yareeyaan xiisadda dusha sare / wejiga, iyo qaar xitaa ka sarreeya waxtarka glycolipids. Kuwan AAS waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaannaa lipopeptides. Lipopeptides waa isku-dhisyo miisaankoodu yar yahay, oo badanaa ay soo saaraan noocyada Bacillus.
AAS noocan oo kale ah ayaa loo sii kala qaybiyay 3 qaybood:Surfactin, iturin iyo fengycin.
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| Qoyska peptides-ka firfircoon ee dusha sare leh waxay ka kooban yihiin noocyada heptapeptide ee walxaha kala duwan,sida lagu muujiyey Jaantuska 2a, kaas oo C12-C16 silsilad β-hydroxy fatty acid ah oo aan saturated ahayn ay ku xidhan tahay peptide. Dusha-firfircoon ee peptide waa lactone macrocyclic kaas oo giraanta lagu xiray catalysis u dhexeeya C-terminus ee β-hydroxy fatty acid iyo peptide. Qeybta hoose ee iturin, waxaa jira lix nooc oo waaweyn, kuwaas oo kala ah iturin A iyo C, mycosubtilin iyo bacillomycin D, F iyo L.Dhammaan kiisaska, heptapeptides waxay ku xiran yihiin silsiladaha C14-C17 ee β-amino fatty acids (silsiladuhu way kala duwanaan karaan). Marka laga hadlayo ekurimycins, kooxda amino ee ku taal booska β waxay sameyn karaan dammaanad amide ah oo leh C-terminus si ay u sameeyaan qaab-dhismeedka lactam makrocyclic.
Fangycin-hoosaadku wuxuu ka kooban yahay fengycin A iyo B, kuwaas oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan plipastatin marka Tyr9 loo qaabeeyey D.Decapeptide-ku wuxuu ku xidhan yahay C14 -C18 oo buuxa ama silsilad β-hydroxy fatty acid ah. Qaab dhismeedka, plipastatin sidoo kale waa lactone macrocyclic ah, oo ka kooban silsilad dhinaca Tyr ah oo ku taal booska 3 ee isku xigxiga peptide iyo sameynta dammaanad ester ah oo leh haraaga C-terminal, sidaas darteed sameynta qaab dhismeedka giraanta gudaha (sida kiiska Pseudomonas lippeptides badan).
② Qaybta synthetic AAS sidoo kale waxaa lagu soo saari karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo mid ka mid ah acidic, aasaasiga ah iyo amino acids dhexdhexaad ah. Acids amino-ka caadiga ah ee loo isticmaalo isku dhafka AAS waa glutamic acid, serine, proline, aspartic acid, glycine, arginine, alanine, leucine, iyo borotiinka hydrolysates. Qaybtan hoose ee surfactants waxaa lagu diyaarin karaa hababka kiimikada, enzymatic, iyo chemoenzymatic; si kastaba ha ahaatee, soo saarista AAS, isku-dhafka kiimikaadku waa mid dhaqaale ahaan macquul ah. Tusaalooyinka caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid iyo N-palmitoyl-L-glutamic acid.
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4.2 Iyada oo ku saleysan beddelka silsiladda alifleyda
Iyada oo ku saleysan beddelka silsiladda alifatigga, surfactants-ku-saleysan amino acid waxaa loo qaybin karaa 2 nooc.
Marka loo eego booska beddelka
| ①N-lagu beddelay AAS Iskudhisyada N-badelka ah, kooxda amino waxaa lagu beddelaa koox lipophilic ah ama koox karboxyl ah, taasoo keentay luminta aasaasiga ah. Tusaalaha ugu fudud ee N-lagu beddelay AAS waa N-acyl amino acids, kuwaas oo asal ahaan ah surfactants anionic. n-badelka AAS waxay leeyihiin dammaanad amide ah oo ku xidhan qaybaha hydrophobic iyo hydrophilic. Dammaanadda amide waxay awood u leedahay in ay samayso curaarta hydrogen, taas oo sahlaysa nabaad-guurka subfactant-kan ee deegaan acidic ah, sidaas awgeedna ka dhigaysa biodegradable.
②C-lagu beddelay AAS Iskudhisyada C-lagu beddelay, beddelku wuxuu ku dhacaa kooxda karboksylka (iyada oo loo marayo amide ama ester bond). Iskudhisyada caadiga ah ee C-lagu beddelo (tusaale esters ama amides) ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda cationic.
③N- iyo C-lagu beddelay AAS Noocan surfactant ah, labada amino iyo kooxaha karboxyl labaduba waa qaybta hydrophilic. Noocani asal ahaan waa dabeysha amphoteric. |
4.3 Marka loo eego tirada dabada hydrophobic
Iyada oo ku saleysan tirada kooxaha madaxa iyo dabada hydrophobic, AAS waxaa loo qaybin karaa afar kooxood. Silsilad toosan AAS, Gemini (dimer) nooca AAS, nooca Glycerolipid AAS, iyo bicephalic amphiphilic (Bola) nooca AAS. surfactants silsilad toos ah waa surfactants ka kooban amino acids leh oo kaliya dabada hydrophobic (Jaantuska 3). Nooca Gemini AAS wuxuu leeyahay laba kooxood oo amino acid polar ah iyo laba dabo hydrophobic halkii molecule (Jaantus 4). Qaab dhismeedka noocaan ah, labada silsiladda tooska ah ee AAS waxa ay isku xidhan yihiin boos-bixiye sidaas awgeed waxa kale oo loo yaqaan dimers. Nooca Glycerolipid AAS, dhinaca kale, labada dabo ee hydrophobic waxay ku xiran yihiin isla kooxda madaxa amino acid. Surfactants-yadan waxaa loo tixgalin karaa inay yihiin analogs monoglycerides, diglycerides iyo phospholipids, halka nooca Bola AAS, laba kooxood oo amino acid ah oo madax ah ay ku xidhan yihiin dabada hydrophobic.
4.4 Marka loo eego nooca kooxda madaxa
①Cationic AAS
Kooxda madaxa ee noocan ah surfactant ayaa leh kharash togan. AAS-ka ugu horreeya ee cationic waa ethyl cocoyl arginate, kaas oo ah karboxylate pyrrolidone. The sifooyinka gaarka ah iyo kala duwan ee surfactant this ka dhigaysa mid waxtar u leh jeermiska disha, wakiilada antimicrobial, wakiilada antistatic, qaboojiyaha timaha, iyo sidoo kale jilicsan on indhaha iyo maqaarka iyo diyaar u biodegradable. Singare iyo Mhatre waxay farsameeyeen cationic AAS-ku salaysan arginine waxayna qiimeeyeen sifooyinkooda physicochemical. Daraasaddan, waxay ku andacoodeen wax-soo-saarka sare ee alaabta la helay iyadoo la adeegsanayo xaaladaha falcelinta Schotten-Baumann. Iyada oo korodhay dhererka silsiladda alkyl iyo hydrophobicity, dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare ee surfactant ayaa la ogaaday inuu kordho iyo Isku-duubnaanta Micelle ee Ba'an (cmc) si loo yareeyo. Mid kale waa borotiinka acyl quaternary, kaas oo caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo qaboojiyaha alaabta daryeelka timaha.
②Anionic AAS
In surfactants anionic, kooxda madaxa polar ee surfactant ayaa leh kharash taban. Sarcosine (CH 3 -NH-CH 2 -COOH, N-methylglycine), oo ah amino acid caadi ahaan laga helo urchins badda iyo xiddigaha badda, ayaa kiimiko ahaan la xidhiidha glycine (NH 2 -CH 2 -COOH,), amino acid aasaasiga ah ee la helay. unugyada naasleyda. -COOH,) waxay kiimiko ahaan xidhiidh la leedahay glycine, oo ah amino acid asaasi ah oo laga helo unugyada naasleyda. Lauric acid, tetradecanoic acid, oleic acid iyo halides-kooda iyo ester-kooda ayaa caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa in lagu soo saaro sarcosinate surfactants. Sarcosinatesku si dabiici ah ayey u khafiifsan yihiin sidaas darteed waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa dhaqidda afka, shaambada, xumbo-xiirashada buufinta, muraayadaha qorraxda, nadiifiyeyaasha maqaarka, iyo alaabada kale ee la isku qurxiyo.
Anionic AAS kale oo ganacsi ahaan loo heli karo waxaa ka mid ah Amisoft CS-22 iyo AmiliteGCK-12, kuwaas oo ah magacyo ganacsi oo loogu talagalay sodium N-cocoyl-L-glutamate iyo potassium N-cocoyl glycinate, siday u kala horreeyaan. Amilite waxaa caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa sida wakiilka xumbo, saabuun, solubilizer, emulsifier iyo kala firdhiso, waxayna leedahay codsiyo badan oo la isku qurxiyo, sida shaambada, saabuunta qubeyska, maydhista jidhka, dawada cadayga, nadiifinta wejiga, saabuunta nadiifinta, nadiifiyaha muraayadaha indhaha iyo qalabka guriga. Amisoft waxa loo isticmaalaa nadiifiyaha maqaarka iyo timaha khafiifka ah, badiyaa nadiifinta wejiga iyo jidhka, xidhida saabuunta synthetic, alaabta daryeelka jidhka, shaambooyinka iyo alaabta kale ee daryeelka maqaarka.
③zwitterionic ama amphoteric AAS
Surfactants Amphoteric waxay ka kooban yihiin goobo aashito ah iyo kuwa aasaasiga ahba, sidaas darteed waxay beddeli karaan kharashkooda iyagoo beddelaya qiimaha pH. Warbaahinta alkaline waxay u dhaqmaan sida surfactants anionic, halka meelaha aysiidhka ah ku nool yihiin waxay u dhaqmaan sida cationic surfactants iyo in warbaahinta dhexdhexaadka ah sida amphoteric surfactants. Lauryl lysine (LL) iyo alkoxy (2-hydroxypropyl) arginine ayaa ah kuwa kaliya ee loo yaqaan 'amphoteric surfactants' oo ku saleysan amino acids. LL waa wax soo saarka uumi ee lysine iyo lauric acid. Sababo la xiriira qaab-dhismeedkeeda amphoteric, LL waa mid aan lagu milmi karin ku dhawaad dhammaan noocyada dareeraha, marka laga reebo dareerayaasha alkaline-ka ah ama aashitada. Sida budo dabiici ah, LL waxay leedahay ku dheggan aad u wanaagsan oogada biyo-mareenka iyo isku-dheellitirnaan hoose, taasoo siinaysa surfactant awood saliideed aad u wanaagsan. LL waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa kiriimyada maqaarka iyo timaha qaboojiyaha, waxaana sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa saliid ahaan.
④ Nonionic AAS
Nonionic surfactants waxaa lagu gartaa kooxaha madaxa polar iyadoon wax lacag ah lagu soo oogin. siddeed cusub oo ethoxylated nonionic surfactants ayaa waxaa diyaariyey Al-Sabagh et al. laga bilaabo α-amino acids oo saliid ah. Nidaamkan, L-phenylalanine (LEP) iyo L-leucine ayaa markii hore lagu nadiifiyey hexadecanol, oo ay ku xigto amidation leh palmitic acid si ay u siiso laba amide iyo laba esters ee α-amino acids. Amides-yada iyo esters-yada ayaa markaa la kulmay falcelinta uumiga leh ethylene oxide si loo diyaariyo saddex nooc oo phenylalanine ah oo leh tirooyin kala duwan oo unugyo polyoxyethylene ah (40, 60 iyo 100). Kuwan AAS-ka ah ee aan-nooca ah waxaa la ogaaday inay leeyihiin nadiifin wanaagsan iyo sifooyin xumbo.
05 Synthesis
5.1 Jidka aasaasiga ah ee synthetic
Gudaha AAS, kooxaha hydrophobic waxaa lagu dhejin karaa amine ama goobaha karboksilic acid, ama iyada oo loo marayo silsiladaha dhinaca ee acids amino. Iyadoo taas lagu salaynayo, afar wado oo asaasi ah oo synthetic ayaa diyaar ah, sida ku cad sawirka 5.
Jaantuska.5 Wadooyinka isku dhafka aasaasiga ah ee surfactants amino acid
| Waddada 1. Amphiphilic ester amines waxaa soo saara falcelinta esterification, taas oo ay dhacdo isku-dhafka surfactant waxaa inta badan lagu gaaraa dib-u-soo-celinta alkolada dufanka leh iyo amino acids iyadoo ay joogaan wakiilka fuuq-baxa iyo kicinta acidic. Dareen-celinta qaarkood, sulfuric acid wuxuu u shaqeeyaa sidii kicin iyo wakiil fuuq-bax labadaba.
Waddada 2. Amino acids-ka firfircooni waxay la falgalaan alkylamines si ay u sameeyaan curaarta amide, taasoo keentay in la isku daro amidoamines amphiphilic ah.
Waddada 3. Acids amido waxa lagu farsameeyaa ka falcelinta kooxaha aminiga ee amino acids ee Amido Acids.
Waddada 4. Asiidhyada amino acids alkyl silsilad dheer ayaa lagu sameeyay falcelinta kooxaha aminiga leh haloalkanes. |
5.2 Horumarrada laga sameeyay isku-dhafka iyo wax-soo-saarka
5.2.1 Isku-dubaridka amino acids/peptide surfactants oo hal silsilad ah
N-acyl ama O-acyl amino acids ama peptides waxaa lagu soo saari karaa enzyme-catalyzed acylation ee amin ama kooxaha hydroxyl oo leh asiidh dufan leh. Warbixintii ugu horreysay ee ku saabsan isku-dhafka lipase-catalyzed-ka-la'aanta ah ee amino acid amide ama methyl ester derivatives ayaa la adeegsaday Candida antarctica, oo leh wax-soo-saarkoodu u dhexeeya 25% ilaa 90% taas oo ku xidhan bartilmaameedka amino acid. Methyl ethyl ketone ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalay sida dareere falcelinta qaarkood. Vonderhagen iyo al. Waxa kale oo lagu sifeeyay lipase iyo protease-catalyzed N-acylation falcelinta amino acids, borotiinka hydrolysates iyo/ama soosaarkooda iyadoo la isticmaalayo isku dhafka biyaha iyo dareerayaasha organic (tusaale, dimethylformamide/biyo) iyo methyl butyl ketone.
Maalmihii hore, dhibaatada ugu weyn ee isku-dhafka enzyme-catalyzed ee AAS waxay ahayd wax-soo-saarka hooseeya. Sida laga soo xigtay Valivety et al. Wax-soo-saarka N-tetradecanoyl amino acid derivatives wuxuu ahaa kaliya 2% -10% xitaa ka dib markii la isticmaalo lipases kala duwan iyo inkubating at 70 ° C maalmo badan. Montet iyo al. Waxa kale oo ay la kulmeen dhibaatooyin ku saabsan wax-soo-saarka hooseeya ee acids amino ee isku-dhafka N-acyl lysine iyadoo la isticmaalayo asiidh dufan leh iyo saliidaha khudradda. Sida laga soo xigtay iyaga, wax-soo-saarka ugu badnaan ee alaabtu waxay ahayd 19% marka la eego xaaladaha aan dareeraha lahayn iyo isticmaalka dareerayaasha organic. isla dhibaatadaas waxaa la kulmay Valivety et al. isku-dhafka N-Cbz-L-lysine ama N-Cbz-lysine methyl ester derivatives.
Daraasaddan, waxay ku andacoodeen in wax-soo-saarka 3-O-tetradecanoyl-L-serine uu ahaa 80% marka la isticmaalayo serine-ilaalinta N-ilaaliye ahaan sida substrate iyo Novozyme 435 oo ah kicinta jawi aan dhalaalid lahayn. Nagao iyo Kito waxay barteen O-acylation of L-serine, L-homoserine, L-threonine iyo L-tyrosine (LET) marka la isticmaalayo lipase Natiijooyinka falcelinta (lipase waxaa helay Candida cylindracea iyo Rhizopus delemar ee dhexdhexaadiyaha biyaha). waxayna soo warisay in wax-soo-saarka acylation ee L-homoserine iyo L-serine ay yara yaraayeen, halka aysan jirin acylation of L-threonine iyo LET.
Cilmi-baarayaal badan ayaa taageeray isticmaalka qalabyo aan qaali ahayn oo diyaar ah oo loogu talagalay isku-darka AAS-ka-qiimaysan. Soo iyo al. ku andacoodey in diyaarinta surfactants saliid ku salaysan ee timirta sida ugu fiican ula shaqeeyaan lipoenzyme aan dhaqdhaqaaq lahayn. Waxay xuseen in wax-soo-saarka alaabadu ay fiicnaan lahayd inkasta oo ay waqti badan qaadanayso falcelinta (6 maalmood). Gerova iyo al. baaris ku sameeyay isku-dhafka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare ee N-palmitoyl AAS ee ku salaysan methionine, proline, leucine, threonine, phenylalanine iyo phenylglycine ee isku-dhafka cyclic / jinsi. Pang iyo Chu waxay ku qeexeen isku dhafka amino acid monomers iyo dicarboxylic acid monomers ku salaysan xal taxane ah oo shaqeynaya iyo biodegradable amino acid-ku salaysan polyamide esters ayaa lagu sameeyay falcelinta co-condensation ee xalka.
Cantaeuzene iyo Guerreiro ayaa soo sheegay kala saarista kooxaha karboksylic acid ee Boc-Ala-OH iyo Boc-Asp-OH oo leh aalkolo alphatic silsilad dheer ah iyo diols, oo leh dichloromethane sida dareere iyo agarose 4B (Sepharose 4B) sida kicinta. Daraasaddan, falcelinta Boc-Ala-OH ee alkolada dufanka leh ilaa 16 kaarboon waxay siisay wax-soo-saar wanaagsan (51%), halka Boc-Asp-OH 6 iyo 12 carbons ay ka fiicnaayeen, oo leh wax-soo-saar u dhigma 63% [64] ]. 99.9%) ee waxsoosaarka u dhexeeya 58% ilaa 76%, kuwaas oo lagu soo koobay samaynta curaarta amide oo leh alkylamines silsilad dheer oo kala duwan ama ester bonds oo leh alkolada dufanka leh ee Cbz-Arg-OMe, halkaas oo papain uu u dhaqmay sidii kicin.
5.2.2 Isku-dubaridka amino acids/peptide surfactants-ku-saleysan gemini
Gemini surfactants-ku-saleysan Amino acid waxay ka kooban yihiin laba unugyo AAS oo sil-toos ah oo isku xiran madax-ilaa-madaxa oo ay wataan koox spacer ah. Waxaa jira 2 qorshe oo suurtagal ah isku-darka chemoenzymatic ee nooca gemini- amino acid surfactants (Jaantus 6 iyo 7). Jaantuska 6, 2 nooc oo amino acids ah ayaa lagaga falceliyaa xarunta sidii koox spacer ah ka dibna 2 kooxood oo hydrophobic ah ayaa la soo bandhigay. Jaantuska 7, 2da dhisme ee silsiladda toosan waxa si toos ah ugu xidhan koox laba-shaqaale ah.
Horumarkii ugu horreeyay ee isku-dhafka enzyme-catalyzed ee gemini lipoamino acids waxaa hormuud ka ahaa Valivety et al. Yoshimura iyo al. baaris ku sameeyay isku-dhafka, isku-darka iyo isku-darka gemini surfactant-ku-saleysan amino acid oo ku saleysan cystine iyo n-alkyl bromide. Surfactants-ka la farsameeyay ayaa la barbar dhigay surfactants-ka monomeric ee u dhigma. Faustino iyo al. wuxuu qeexay isku-dhafka monomeric urea-ku salaysan anionic AAS oo ku salaysan L-cystine, D-cystine, DL-cystine, L-cysteine, L-methionine iyo L-sulfoalanine iyo lammaanahooda gemini iyadoo la adeegsanayo korriin, dheellitirka dusha sare iyo xasilloon. sifada fluorescence gobolka iyaga. Waxaa la muujiyay in qiimaha cmc ee gemini uu hooseeyo marka la barbardhigo monomer iyo gemini.
Jaantuska.6 Qalabaynta gemini AAS iyadoo la isticmaalayo AA derivatives iyo spacer, oo ay ku xigto gelinta kooxda hydrophobic
Jaantuska.7 Isku-dhafka gemini AAS-yada iyadoo la adeegsanayo spacer-ka laba-geesoodka ah iyo AAS
5.2.3 Isku-dubaridka amino acid glycerolipid / peptide surfactants
Glycerolipid amino acid/peptide surfactants waa nooc cusub oo ah amino acids dufan kuwaas oo ah analoog qaab dhismeedka glycerol mono- (ama di-) esters iyo phospholipids, sababtuna tahay qaabdhismeedkooda hal ama laba silsilado dufan leh oo leh hal amino acid oo ku xidhan laf dhabarta glycerol. by ester bond. Isku-dubarid kuwan surfactants waxay ka bilaabmaan diyaarinta glycerol esters ee acids amino heerkulka sare iyo joogitaanka kicinta acidic (sida BF 3). Isku-dubaridka enzyme-catalyzed (iyadoo la isticmaalayo hydrolases, proteases iyo lipases sida kicin) sidoo kale waa ikhtiyaar wanaagsan (Jaantuska 8).
Isku-dhafka enzyme-catalyzed ee isku-xireyaasha arginine glycerides ee dilaurylated iyadoo la adeegsanayo papain ayaa la soo sheegay. Isku dhafka diacylglycerol ester conjugates ka acetylarginine iyo qiimeynta sifooyinkooda physicochemical ayaa sidoo kale la soo sheegay.
Fig.8 Synthesis of mono iyo diacylglycerol amino acid conjugates
booska: NH-(CH2)10-NH: compoundB1
booska: NH-C6H4-NH: compoundB2
booska: CH2-CH2: compoundB3
Jaantuska.9 Isku-dubaridka amphifiles-symmetric ah oo ka yimid Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
5.2.4 Isku-dubarid amino acids/peptide surfactants oo ku salaysan bola
Amphiphiles-ka nooca bola-ku-saleysan ee Amino acid waxa ku jira 2 amino acids kuwaas oo ku xidhan isla silsiladda hydrophobic. Franceschi iyo al. wuxuu qeexay isku-dhafka bola-nooca amphiphiles oo leh 2 amino acids (D-ama L-alanine ama L-histidine) iyo 1 silsilad alkyl ah oo dhererkoodu kala duwan yahay waxayna baareen dhaqdhaqaaqooda dusha sare. Waxay ka wada hadlayaan isku-dhafka iyo isku-darka amphifiles-ga novel bola-nooca leh jajab amino acid ah (iyadoo la adeegsanayo β-amino acid ama aalkolo) iyo kooxda C12-C20 spacer. Asiidhyada β-amino ee aan caadiga ahayn ee la isticmaalo waxay noqon karaan aminoacid sonkor ah, azidothymin (AZT) amino acid laga keenay, amino acid norbornene, iyo aalkolo amino ah oo laga soo qaatay AZT (Jaantus 9). Isku-dubaridka amphifiles-ka-simmetrical-ka ah ee ka soo jeeda tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) (Jaantuska 9).
06 sifooyinka physicochemical
Waxaa si fiican loo og yahay in surfactants amino acid ku salaysan (AAS) ay yihiin kala duwanaansho iyo kala duwanaansho dabiiciga ah waxayna leeyihiin codsiyo wanaagsan oo ku saabsan codsiyo badan sida solubilization wanaagsan, sifooyinka emulsification wanaagsan, waxtarka sare, waxqabadka sare ee waxqabadka dusha sare iyo caabbinta wanaagsan ee biyaha adag (calcium ion). dulqaad).
Iyada oo ku saleysan sifooyinka dusha sare ee acids amino (tusaale, xiisadda dusha sare, cmc, dabeecadda wajiga iyo heerkulka Krafft), gunaanadyada soo socda ayaa la gaaray daraasado badan ka dib - dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare ee AAS ayaa ka sarreeya kan dhiggiisa caadiga ah ee surfactant.
6.1 Xooga saarista Micelle Ba'an (cmc)
Feejignaanta micelle Critical waa mid ka mid ah xudduudaha muhiimka ah ee surfactants waxayna maamulaan waxyaabo badan oo dusha sare ah oo firfircoon sida solubilization, lysis unug iyo isdhexgalka ay la leedahay biofilms, iwm. in qiimaha cmc ee xalka surfactant, sidaas darteed kordhinta dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare. Surfactants-yada ku salaysan amino acids caadi ahaan waxay leeyihiin qiime cmc hoose marka la barbar dhigo surfactants caadiga ah.
Iyada oo loo marayo isku-dhafka kala duwan ee kooxaha madaxa iyo dabada hydrophobic (mono-cationic amide, bi-cationic amide, bi-cationic amide-based ester), Infante et al. soo saaray saddex arginine-ku salaysan AAS oo bartay cmc iyo γcmc (xakamaynta dusha sare ee cmc), taas oo muujinaysa in cmc iyo γcmc qiyamka ay hoos u dhaceen korodhka dhererka dabada hydrophobic. Daraasad kale, Singare iyo Mhatre waxay ogaadeen in cmc ee N-a-acylarginine surfactants ay hoos u dhacday iyadoo la kordhinayo tirada atomyada kaarboonka dabada hydrophobic (Shaxda 1).
Yoshimura iyo al. baaris ku sameeyay cmc ee cysteine-ka soosaaray amino acid-ku-saleysan gemini surfactants waxayna muujisay in cmc-ku hoos u dhacay markii dhererka silsiladda kaarboon ee silsiladda hydrophobic laga kordhiyay 10 ilaa 12. Kordhinta dhererka silsiladda kaarboon ilaa 14 waxay keentay kororka cmc, taas oo xaqiijisay in surfactants gemini silsilad dheer ay leeyihiin u janjeera hoose in la isku daro.
Faustino iyo al. ayaa sheegay samaynta miceles isku dhafan ee xalalka aqueous ee surfactants gemini anionic oo ku salaysan cystine. Surfactants-ka gemini ayaa sidoo kale la barbardhigay surfactants monomeric caadiga ah (C 8 Cys). Qiimaha cmc ee isku-darka dufan-surfactant-ka ayaa la sheegay inay ka hooseeyaan kuwa surfactants saafi ah. gemini surfactants iyo 1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphocholine, biyo-milmi kara, phospholipid samaynta micele, waxay lahaayeen cmc heerka millimolar.
Shrestha iyo Aramaki waxay baareen samaynta xayndaabyada dirxiga u eg ee xalalka aqueous ee amino acid-ku-salaysan surfactants anionic-nonionic oo isku dhafan iyada oo ay maqan tahay cusbada isku-darka ah. Daraasaddan, N-dodecyl glutamate ayaa lagu ogaaday inuu leeyahay heerkul sare oo Krafft ah; si kastaba ha ahaatee, markii laga takhalusay amino acid-ka aasaasiga ah ee L-lysine, waxay soo saartay miceles, xalkuna wuxuu bilaabay inuu u dhaqmo sida dareeraha Newtonian 25 ° C.
6.2 Biyo Wacan
Biyaha wanaagsan ee AAS waxay sabab u tahay joogitaanka curaarta CO-NH dheeraad ah. Tani waxay AAS ka dhigaysa mid noole-baxsan oo deegaan ahaan u saaxiib ah marka loo eego surfactants-yada caadiga ah. milanka biyaha ee N-acyl-L-glutamic acid ayaa xitaa ka sii wanaagsan iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay 2da kooxood ee karboxyl. Biyaha biyaha ee Cn (CA) 2 ayaa sidoo kale wanaagsan sababtoo ah waxaa jira kooxaha 2 ionic arginine ee 1 molecule, taas oo keenta in wax badan oo waxtar leh iyo faafinta isdhexgalka unugyada iyo xitaa xakameynta bakteeriyada waxtarka leh ee heerarka hoose.
6.3 Heerkulka Krafft iyo barta Krafft
Heerkulka Krafft waxaa loo fahmi karaa inuu yahay dabeecadda milmay ee gaarka ah ee surfactants kuwaas oo milmayntoodu ay aad u kordho heerkul gaar ah. Surfactants Ionic waxay u janjeeraan inay dhaliyaan fuuqyo adag, kuwaas oo ka soo da'i kara biyaha. Heerkul gaar ah (waxa loogu yeero Heerkulka Krafft), koror lama filaan ah oo joogsi ah ayaa lagu arkay milanka surfactants inta badan. Meesha Krafft ee dusha sare ee ionic waa heerkulka Krafft ee cmc.
Dabeecaddan milmayneed waxaa badanaa lagu arkaa surfactants ionic waxaana lagu sharixi karaa sidan soo socota: milanka monomer-ka bilaashka ah ee surfactant wuxuu ku xaddidan yahay heerkulka Krafft ilaa barta Krafft la gaaro, halkaas oo milmayntiisa si tartiib tartiib ah u kordho sababtoo ah sameynta micele. Si loo hubiyo milanka dhammaystiran, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la diyaariyo qaababka surfactant heerkulka ka sarreeya barta Krafft.
Heerkulka Krafft ee AAS ayaa la bartay oo marka la barbar dhigo kuwa surfactants synthetic ee caadiga ah. Shrestha iyo Aramaki waxay daraasad ku sameeyeen heerkulka Krafft ee arginine-ku salaysan AAS waxayna ogaadeen in feejignaanta micelle ee muhiimka ah ay muujisay habdhaqan isku dhafan oo ah qaabka hore ee miceles ee ka sarreeya 2-5 ×10-6 mol-L -1 oo ay ku xigto samaynta micele ee caadiga ah (Ohta et al. waxay sameeyeen lix nooc oo kala duwan oo N-hexadecanoyl AAS ah waxayna ka wada hadleen xiriirka ka dhexeeya heerkulka Krafft iyo hadhaaga amino acid.
Tijaabooyinka, waxaa la ogaaday in heerkulka Krafft ee N-hexadecanoyl AAS uu kordhay iyada oo hoos u dhac ku yimid cabbirka hadhaaga amino acid (phenylalanine oo ka reeban), halka kulaylka milanka (kulanka kulaylka) uu kordhay xajmiga hoos u dhaca hadhaaga amino acid (oo leh marka laga reebo glycine iyo phenylalanine). Waxaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in labada nidaamka alanine iyo phenylalanine, isdhexgalka DL uu ka xoog badan yahay isdhexgalka LL ee qaabka adag ee cusbada N-hexadecanoyl AAS.
Brito iyo al. Waxay go'aamisay heerkulka Krafft ee saddex taxane ah oo cusub oo amino acid-ku-salaysan surfactants iyadoo la adeegsanayo microcalorimetry scanning kala duwan waxayna ogaadeen in beddelidda trifluoroacetate ion una beddelo iodide ay keentay koror weyn oo heerkulka Krafft ah (qiyaastii 6 ° C), laga bilaabo 47 ° C ilaa 53 ° C. C. Joogitaanka curaarta cis-double iyo unsaturation ee ku jira silsiladda dheer ee Ser-derivatives waxay keentay hoos u dhac weyn oo heerkulka Krafft ah. n-Dodecyl glutamate ayaa la sheegay inuu leeyahay heerkul sare oo Krafft ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhexdhexaadinta amino acid-ka aasaasiga ah ee L-lysine waxay keentay samaynta miceles ee xalka u dhaqma sida dareeraha Newtonian ee 25 ° C.
6.4 kacsanaanta dusha sare
Xiisadda dusha sare ee surfactants waxay la xiriirtaa dhererka silsiladda qaybta hydrophobic. Zhang iyo al. waxay go'aamisay xiisadda dusha sare ee sodium cocoyl glycinate by habka saxanka Wilhelmy (25 ± 0.2) ° C waxayna go'aamisay qiimaha xajmiga dusha sare ee cmc sida 33 mN-m -1, cmc sida 0.21 mmol-L -1. Yoshimura iyo al. go'aamiyey xiisadda dusha sare ee 2C n Cys nooca amino acid ku salaysan xiisad dusha sare ee 2C n Cys-ku salaysan wakiilada firfircoon. Waxaa la ogaaday in xiisadda dusha sare ee cmc ay hoos u dhacday iyadoo la kordhinayo dhererka silsiladda (ilaa n = 8), halka isbeddelka loo rogay dusha sare ee n = 12 ama dhererka silsiladaha dheer.
Saamaynta CaC1 2 ee kacsanaanta dusha sare ee suurfactants amino acid-ku salaysan dicarboxylated ayaa sidoo kale la darsay. Daraasadahan, CaC1 2 ayaa lagu daray xalal aqueous ah oo ah saddex nooc oo ah nooca amino acid dicarboxylated surfactants (C12 MalNa 2, C12 AspNa 2, iyo C12 GluNa 2). Qiimaha dhulka hoostiisa cmc ka dib ayaa la is barbardhigay waxaana la ogaaday in xiisadda dusha sare ay hoos u dhacday qiyaasta CaC1 2 oo aad u hooseeya. Tan waxa u sabab ah saamaynta ion calcium ee habaynta surfactant ee interface-biyaha gaaska. xiisadaha dusha sare ee cusbada N-dodecylaminomalonate iyo N-dodecylaspartate, dhanka kale, waxay sidoo kale ahaayeen ku dhawaad joogto ah ilaa 10 mmol-L -1 CaC1 2 xoojinta. Ka sarreeya 10 mmol-L -1, xiisadda dusha sare ayaa si aad ah u kordheysa, sababtoo ah samaynta roobabka milixda calcium ee surfactant. Cusbada disodium ee N-dodecyl glutamate, ku darida dhexdhexaadka ah ee CaC1 2 waxay keentay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid xiisadda dusha sare, halka kororka joogtada ah ee CaC1 2 uusan hadda keenin isbeddel weyn.
Si loo go'aamiyo kinetics adsorption ee nooca gemini-AAS ee isdhexgalka biyaha gaaska, xiisadda dusha sare ee firfircoon ayaa la go'aamiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka cadaadiska xumbo ee ugu sarreeya. Natiijadu waxay muujisay in wakhtiga tijaabada ugu dheer, 2C 12 Cys kacsanaanta dusha sare isma bedelin. Hoos-u-dhimista xiisadda dusha sare ee firfircoon waxay ku xiran tahay oo keliya diiradda, dhererka dabada hydrophobic, iyo tirada dabada hydrophobic. Kordhinta feejignaanta surfactant, hoos u dhaca dhererka silsiladda iyo sidoo kale tirada silsiladaha ayaa keentay suus degdeg ah. Natiijooyinka la helay uruurinta sare ee C n Cys (n = 8 ilaa 12) ayaa la ogaaday inay aad ugu dhow yihiin γ cmc oo lagu cabbiray habka Wilhelmy.
Daraasad kale, xiisadaha dusha sare ee firfircoon ee sodium dilauryl cystine (SDLC) iyo sodium didecamino cystine waxaa lagu go'aamiyay habka saxanka Wilhelmy, iyo marka lagu daro, isku dheelitirnaanta dusha sare ee xalalkooda aqueous waxaa lagu go'aamiyay habka mugga hoos u dhaca. Falcelinta curaarta disulfide ayaa sidoo kale lagu sii baadhay habab kale. Ku darida mercaptoethanol ee 0.1 mmol-L -1SDLC xal waxay keentay koror degdeg ah oo kacsanaanta dusha sare ee 34 mN-m -1 ilaa 53 mN-m -1. Maadaama NaClO uu oxidize karo curaarta disulfide ee SDLC ee kooxaha sulfonic acid, wax wadar ah lama arkin markii NaClO (5 mmol-L -1) lagu daray 0.1 mmol-L -1 SDLC xalka. Mikroskoobyada elektarooniga ah ee gudbinta iyo natiijooyinka kala firdhinta iftiinka firfircoon waxay muujiyeen in aan wax wadar ah lagu samayn xalka. Xiisadda dusha sare ee SDLC ayaa la ogaaday inay ka korodhay 34 mN-m -1 ilaa 60 mN-m -1 muddo 20 daqiiqo ah.
6.5 isdhexgalka dusha sare ee binary
Sayniska nolosha, tiro kooxo ah ayaa bartay sifooyinka gariir ee isku dhafka cationic AAS (diacylglycerol arginine surfactants) iyo fosfolipids ee gaaska-biyaha interface, ugu dambeyntii waxay soo gabagabeeyeen in hantidan aan ku habboonayn ay keento faafitaanka isdhexgalka korantada.
6.6 Guryaha isku-darka
Kala firdhisanaanta iftiinka firfircoon ayaa caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa si loo go'aamiyo sifooyinka isku-darka monomers-ku-saleysan amino acids iyo gemini surfactants marka la uruuriyo oo ka sarreeya cmc, taasoo keenta dhexroorka hydrodynamic DH (= 2R H). Isku geynta ay sameeyeen C n Cys iyo 2Cn Cys waa kuwo aad u ballaaran waxayna leeyihiin qaybin ballaaran marka loo eego kuwa kale ee dusha sare ka sameysan. Dhammaan alaab-qeybiyeyaasha marka laga reebo 2C 12 Cys waxay caadi ahaan sameeyaan isku-darka qiyaastii 10 nm. Cabbirrada mille ee surfactants gemini aad ayay uga weyn yihiin kuwa dhiggooda ah ee monomeric. Korodhka dhererka silsiladda kaarboon-karboonku waxa kale oo ay keentaa korodhka cabbirka micelle. ohta iyo al. wuxuu qeexay sifooyinka isku-darka saddexda stereoisomers ee kala duwan ee N-dodecyl-phenyl-alanyl-phenyl-alanine tetramethylammonium ee xalka aqueous waxayna muujisay in diastereoisomers ay leeyihiin isku-ururin isku-dar ah oo muhiim ah oo ku jira xal aqueous. Iwahashi iyo al. baaris lagu sameeyay dichroism wareeg ah, NMR iyo cadaadiska uumiga osmometry ee Samaynta isku-darka isku-darka ah ee N-dodecanoyl-L-glutamic acid, N-dodecanoyl-L-valine iyo methyl esters ee dareerayaasha kala duwan (sida tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, 1,4) -dioxane iyo 1,2-dichloroethane) oo leh sifooyin wareeg ah ayaa lagu baadhay dichroism wareeg ah, NMR iyo cadaadiska uumiga osmometry.
6.7 Isku dhejinta wejiga
Isku dhufashada wejiyada dhexda ah ee amino acid-ku-salaysan surfactants iyo isbarbardhigga dhiggeeda caadiga ah sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah tilmaamaha cilmi-baarista. Tusaale ahaan, sifooyinka isdhaafsiga wajiga ee dodecyl esters ee acids amino caraf udgoon oo laga helay LET iyo LEP ayaa la baadhay. Natiijooyinku waxay muujiyeen in LET iyo LEP ay muujiyeen aagagga hoose ee isdhexgalka ee is dhexgalka dareeraha gaaska iyo is dhexgalka biyaha/hexane, siday u kala horreeyaan.
Bordes iyo al. baaris ku sameeyay habdhaqanka xalka iyo adsorption ee is-dhexgalka biyaha-gaaska ee saddexda dicarboxylated amino acid surfactants, cusbada disodium ee dodecyl glutamate, dodecyl aspartate, iyo aminomalonate (oo leh 3, 2, iyo 1 atamka kaarboon ee u dhexeeya labada kooxood ee karboxyl, siday u kala horreeyaan). Sida laga soo xigtay warbixintan, cmc ee surfactants dicarboxylated wuxuu ahaa 4-5 jeer ka sarreeya kan monocarboxylated dodecyl glycine cusbada. Tan waxaa loo aaneynayaa samaynta curaarta hydrogen ee ka dhexeeya surfactants dicarboxylated iyo molecules deriska ah iyada oo loo marayo kooxaha amide ee ku jira.
6.8 habdhaqanka wajiga
Isotropic wejiyada cubic ee joogsan ayaa lagu arkay surfactants oo aad u sarreeya. Unugyada dusha sare leh ee leh kooxaha madaxa aadka u waaweyn waxay u muuqdaan inay sameeyaan wadaryo qalooc yar oo togan. marques iyo al. wuxuu bartay habdhaqanka wejiga ee nidaamyada 12Lys12/12Ser iyo 8Lys8/16Ser (eeg Jaantuska 10), natiijaduna waxay muujisay in nidaamka 12Lys12/12Ser uu leeyahay aagga kala soocida wejiga ee u dhexeeya gobollada xalalka micellar iyo vesicular, halka nidaamka 8Lys8/16Ser Nidaamka 8Lys8/16Ser wuxuu muujinayaa kala-guur joogto ah (gobolka wejiga micellar dheer ee u dhexeeya gobolka wejiga micellar yar iyo gobolka wajiga vesicle). Waa in la ogaadaa in gobolka vesicle ee nidaamka 12Lys12 / 12Ser, vesicles ay had iyo jeer la nool yihiin miceles, halka gobolka vesicle ee nidaamka 8Lys8/16Ser uu leeyahay oo kaliya vesicles.
Isku-dhafka Catanionic ee lysine- iyo surfactants-ku-saleysan serine: summeeyayaal 12Lys12/12Ser lamaane (bidix) iyo asymmetric 8Lys8/16Ser lamaane (midig)
6.9 Kartida dhalaalaysa
Kouchi iyo al. baadhay awoodda emulsifying, xiisadda isdhexgalka, kala qaybsanaanta, iyo viscosity ee N-[3-dodecyl-2-hydroxypropyl]-L-arginine, L-glutamate, iyo AAS kale. Marka la barbar dhigo surfactants-synthetic ( dhiggooda nonionic iyo amphoteric caadiga ah), natiijadu waxay muujisay in AAS ay leedahay awood emulsifying ka xoog badan surfactants caadiga ah.
Baczko iyo al. soosaaray novel anionic amino acid surfactants oo baadhay ku haboonaantooda sida dareerayaasha ku jihaysan NMR spectroscopy. Taxane sulfonate-ku-saleysan amphiphilic L-Phe ama L-Ala derivatives oo leh dabo hydrophobic oo kala duwan (pentyl~tetradecyl) ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo laga falcelinayo asiidhyada amino-ka o-sulfobenzoic anhydride. Wu iyo al. cusbada soodhiyamka ee N-fatty acyl AAS iyobaadhay awooddooda emulsification ee emulsions saliid ku jirta, natiijaduna waxay muujisay in surfactants-yadani ay si fiican u qabteen ethyl acetate sida wajiga saliidda marka loo eego n-hexane oo ah wajiga saliidda.
6.10 Horumarrada ku saabsan isku-dhafka iyo wax-soo-saarka
Iska caabbinta biyaha adag waxaa loo fahmi karaa inay tahay awooda surfactants inay iska caabiso joogitaanka ions sida kalsiyumka iyo magnesium ee biyaha adag, ie, awooda looga fogaado roobabka saabuunta calcium. Mashiinnada dusha sare leh ee leh iska caabbinta biyaha adag ayaa aad u faa'iido leh samaynta saabuunta iyo alaabta daryeelka shakhsi ahaaneed. Iska caabbinta biyaha adag waxaa lagu qiimeyn karaa iyadoo la xisaabinayo isbeddelka milanka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare ee dusha sare ee joogitaanka ions calcium.
Siyaabo kale oo lagu qiimeeyo iska caabbinta biyaha adag waa in la xisaabiyo boqolkiiba ama garaamyada surfactant ee looga baahan yahay saabuunta calcium ee laga sameeyay 100 g oo ah oleate sodium si loogu firdhiyo biyaha. Meelaha leh biyo adag, xaddi badan oo kalsiyum ah iyo ion magnesium iyo macdanta macdanta ayaa ka dhigi kara qaar ka mid ah codsiyada la taaban karo. Inta badan ion sodium waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii counter ion ee surfactant anionic synthetic. Maaddaama ion-ka kala duwan ee kaalshiyamku uu ku xidhan yahay labada molecules surfactant, waxay keentaa in surfactant-ku uu si aad ah uga soo da'o xalinta ka-hortagga ka-hortagga.
Daraasad lagu sameeyay caabbinta biyaha adag ee AAS waxay muujisay in aashitada iyo caabbinta biyaha adag ay si xooggan u saamaysay koox carboxyl dheeraad ah, iyo aashitada iyo caabbinta biyaha adag ayaa sii kordhay iyada oo korodhka dhererka kooxda spacer ee u dhexeeya labada kooxood ee carboxyl. . Nidaamka aashitada iyo caabbinta biyaha adag waxay ahayd C 12 glycinate <C 12 aspartate <C 12 glutamate. Marka la barbar dhigo dammaanadda dicarboxylated amide bond iyo dicarboxylated amino surfactant, siday u kala horreeyaan, waxaa la ogaaday in kala duwanaanshaha pH ee kan dambe uu ahaa mid ballaaran oo dhaqdhaqaaqa dusha sare uu kordhay iyada oo lagu daray qadar ku habboon oo acid ah. Dicarboxylated N-alkyl amino acids waxay muujisay saameyn chelating joogitaanka ion calcium, iyo C 12 aspartate waxay sameeyeen jel cad. c 12 glutamate waxay muujisay dhaqdhaqaaqa sare ee dusha sare ee Ca 2+ diirada sare waxaana la filayaa in loo isticmaalo nadiifinta biyaha badda.
6.11 Kala daadsanaanta
Kala firdhisanaanta waxa loola jeedaa awoodda surfactant-ga si looga hortago isku-duubnida iyo kala-saarista dareeraha ee xalka.Kala firdhintu waa hanti muhiim ah oo ay leeyihiin mashiinnada dusha sare ee ka dhigaya kuwo ku habboon in loo isticmaalo saabuunta, waxyaalaha la isku qurxiyo iyo dawooyinka.Wakiilka kala firdhiya waa inuu ka kooban yahay ester, ether, amide ama amino bond u dhexeeya kooxda hydrophobic iyo kooxda hydrophilic terminal (ama ka mid ah kooxaha hydrophobic silsilad toos ah).
Guud ahaan, surfactants anionic sida alkanolamido sulfates iyo amphoteric surfactants sida amidosulfobetaine ayaa si gaar ah waxtar u leh sida kala firdhinta wakiilada saabuunta calcium.
Dadaal badan oo cilmi baaris ah ayaa go'aamiyay kala firdhinta AAS, halkaas oo N-lauroyl lysine lagu ogaaday inay si liidata ula socon karto biyaha oo ay adag tahay in loo isticmaalo qaababka qurxinta.Taxanahan, N-acyl-ku-beddelay asiidhyada amino-yada aasaasiga ah waxay leeyihiin kala firdhisanaan heersare ah waxaana loo adeegsadaa warshadaha qurxinta si loo hagaajiyo qaababka.
07 Sunta
Surfactants-ka caadiga ah, gaar ahaan cationic surfactants, ayaa aad ugu suntan noolaha biyaha. Suntooda ba'an waxaa sabab u ah ifafaalaha isdhexgalka adsorption-ion ee surfactants ee isku xirka unugyada-biyaha. Hoos u dhigista cmc ee surfactants waxay caadi ahaan keentaa isku dhejinta dhexda wejiga ee surfactants, taas oo inta badan keenta suntooda sare. Kordhinta dhererka silsiladda hydrophobic ee surfactants waxay sidoo kale keentaa kororka sunta daran ee surfactant.Inta badan AAS waa kuwo hooseeya ama aan sun ahayn bini'aadamka iyo deegaanka (gaar ahaan noolaha badda) waxayna ku habboon yihiin in loo isticmaalo maaddooyinka cuntada, daawooyinka iyo qurxinta.Cilmi-baarayaal badan ayaa caddeeyey in maadada amino acids ay yihiin kuwo jilicsan oo aan ka xanaajin maqaarka. Surfactants-ku-saleysan Arginine ayaa la og yahay inay ka sun yar yihiin kuwa dhiggooda ah.
Brito iyo al. waxa uu bartay sifooyinka physicochemical iyo sunta sunta ah ee amphiphiles amino acid-ku salaysan iyo [ka soo jeeda tyrosine (Tyr), hydroxyproline (Hyp), serine (Ser) iyo lysine (Lys)] samaynta kediska ah ee vesicles cationic waxayna bixiyeen xog ku saabsan suntooda ba'an Daphnia magna (IC 50). Waxay diyaariyeen xuubka cationic ee dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) / Lys-derivatives iyo / ama Ser-/ Lys-derivative isku-dhafka waxayna tijaabiyeen awooddooda ecotoxicity iyo hemolytic, taas oo muujinaysa in dhammaan AAS iyo isku-dhafka ay ku jiraan vesicle-ku ay ka yaraayeen sunta caadiga ah ee DTAB. .
Rosa iyo al. baadhay isku xidhka (ururka) DNA si ay u xasilaan amino acid-ku salaysan vesicles cationic. Si ka duwan surfactants cationic caadiga ah, kuwaas oo inta badan u muuqda inay yihiin sun, isdhexgalka ee surfactants amino acid cationic u muuqataa mid aan sun ahayn. AAS-ka cationic waxay ku salaysan tahay arginine, kaas oo si iskiis ah u sameeya vesicles xasilloon oo ay weheliso surfactants anionic qaarkood. Ka-hortagga daxalka amino acid-ku-saleysan ayaa sidoo kale lagu soo waramayaa inaysan ahayn kuwo sun ah. Surfactants-yadan ayaa si fudud loogu farsameeyay nadiif sare (ilaa 99%), qiimo jaban, si fudud bayoloji, oo si buuxda ugu milmay warbaahinta aqueous. Daraasado dhowr ah ayaa muujiyay in sulfur-ka ku jira surfactants amino acids ay ka sarreeyaan xakamaynta daxalka.
Daraasad dhowaan la sameeyay, Perinelli et al. ayaa sheegay in suntan lagu qanco ee rhamnolipids marka la barbar dhigo surfactants caadiga ah. Rhamnolipids waxaa loo yaqaanaa inay u dhaqmaan sidii kor-u-qaadayaasha permeability. Waxay sidoo kale ka warbixiyeen saameynta rhamnolipids ee xajinta epithelial ee daawooyinka macromolecular.
08 Dhaqdhaqaaqa ka hortagga jeermiska
Waxqabadka antimicrobial ee surfactants waxaa lagu qiimeyn karaa diiradda ugu yar ee xakameynta. Waxqabadka antimicrobial ee surfactants-ku salaysan arginine ayaa si faahfaahsan loo darsay. Bakteeriyada Gram-negative ayaa la ogaaday in ay aad uga adkeysi badan tahay walxaha arginine-ku-salaysan marka loo eego bakteeriyada Gram-positive. Dhaqdhaqaaqa antimicrobial ee surfactants waxaa badanaa lagu kordhiyaa joogitaanka hydroxyl, cyclopropane ama curaarta aan saturated ee silsiladaha acyl. Castillo iyo al. waxay muujisay in dhererka silsiladaha acyl iyo kharashka togan ay go'aamiyaan qiimaha HLB (dheellitirka hydrophilic-lipophilic) ee molecule, kuwani waxay saameyn ku yeeshaan awooddooda inay carqaladeeyaan xuubabka. Nα-acylarginine methyl ester waa nooc kale oo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah surfactants cationic leh firfircoonida antimicrobial ballaaran oo baaxad leh waana si sahal ah biodegradable oo ay leedahay hooseeyo ama ma laha sun. Daraasadaha ku saabsan isdhexgalka Nα-acylarginine methyl ester-ku-saleysan surfactants oo leh 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine iyo 1,2-ditetradecanoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine, xuubka moodada, iyo noolaha noolaha. Joogitaanka ama maqnaanshaha caqabadaha dibadda ayaa muujiyay in fasalkan surfactants uu leeyahay antimicrobial wanaagsan Natiijooyinka waxay muujiyeen in surfactants ay leeyihiin firfircooni bakteeriyada wanaagsan.
09 sifooyinka Rheological
Tilmaamaha rheological ee surfactants waxay door aad muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan go'aaminta iyo saadaalinta codsiyadooda warshadaha kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan cuntada, daawooyinka, soo saarista saliidda, daryeelka shakhsi ahaaneed iyo alaabta daryeelka guriga. Daraasado badan ayaa la sameeyay si looga hadlo xiriirka ka dhexeeya viscoelasticity surfactants amino acids iyo cmc.
10 Codsiyada warshadaha qurxinta
AAS waxaa loo isticmaalaa samaynta alaabooyin badan oo daryeelka shakhsi ahaaneed.Potassium N-cocoyl glycinate waxaa lagu ogaadaa inay u jilicsan tahay maqaarka waxaana loo isticmaalaa nadiifinta wejiga si looga saaro wasaqda iyo qurxinta. n-Acyl-L-glutamic acid waxay leedahay laba kooxood oo carboxyl ah, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid badan oo biyo ah. Ka mid ah kuwan AAS, AAS oo ku salaysan C 12 fatty acids ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa nadiifinta wejiga si looga saaro dhoobada iyo qurxinta. AAS oo leh silsilad C 18 ayaa loo isticmaalaa sida emulsifiers ee alaabta daryeelka maqaarka, iyo N-Lauryl alanine cusbada waxaa loo yaqaanaa inay abuuraan xumbo kareem ah oo aan ka xanaajin maqaarka sidaas darteed waxaa loo isticmaali karaa samaynta alaabta daryeelka ilmaha. N-Lauryl-based AAS ee loo isticmaalo daawada cadayga ayaa leh nadiifin wanaagsan oo la mid ah saabuunta iyo waxtarka xannibaadda enzyme-ka xooggan.
Dhawrkii sano ee la soo dhaafay, doorashada surfactants ee qurxinta, alaabta daryeelka shakhsi ahaaneed iyo dawooyinka ayaa diiradda saaray sunta hoose, khafiifsanaanta, dabacsanaanta taabashada iyo badbaadada. Isticmaalayaasha alaabooyinkan waxay si aad ah uga warqabaan xanaaqa iman kara, sunta iyo arrimaha deegaanka.
Maanta, AAS waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo shaambo badan, timaha timaha iyo saabuunta qubeyska sababtoo ah faa'iidooyin badan oo ay ka helaan dhiggooda dhaqameed ee qurxinta iyo alaabta daryeelka shakhsi ahaaneed.Surfactants-ku-saleysan borotiinku waxay leeyihiin sifooyin wanaagsan oo lagama maarmaan u ah alaabta daryeelka shakhsi ahaaneed. Qaar ka mid ah AAS waxay leeyihiin awoodo filim samaynta, halka kuwa kalena ay leeyihiin awoodo xumbo-xumo oo wanaagsan.
Amino acids waa qodobbada qoyaanka ee dabiiciga ah ee ku jira stratum corneum. Marka unugyada epidermalku dhintaan, waxay noqdaan qayb ka mid ah stratum corneum iyo borotiinada unugyada intracellular si tartiib tartiib ah ayey hoos ugu dhacaan amino acids. Acids amino-yadan ayaa markaa loo sii gudbiyaa stratum corneum, halkaas oo ay ka nuugaan dufanka ama walxaha baruurta u eg ee ku jira corneum epidermal stratum corneum, taas oo hagaajinaysa barti ee maqaarka sare. Qiyaastii 50% walxaha qoyaanka dabiiciga ah ee maqaarka waxay ka kooban yihiin amino acids iyo pyrrolidone.
Collagen, oo ah walxo isqurxin caadi ah, waxa kale oo ku jira asiidhyada amino ee maqaarka jilciya.Dhibaatooyinka maqaarka sida qallafsanaanta iyo caajisnimada ayaa qayb weyn ka ah la'aanta amino acids. Mid ka mid ah daraasadda ayaa muujisay in isku-darka amino acid-ka iyo boomaatada ay nadiifiso maqaarka gubanaya, iyo meelaha ay dhibaatadu saameysey ay ku soo noqdeen xaaladdoodii caadiga ahayd iyaga oo aan noqonin nabarrada keloid.
Amino acids ayaa sidoo kale la ogaaday inay aad u faa'iido u leeyihiin daryeelka maqaarka dhaawacan.Timaha qallalan ee aan qaab lahayn ayaa laga yaabaa inay muujiyaan hoos u dhac ku yimaada uruurinta asiidhyada amino-ka ee ku jira stratum corneum oo aad u dhaawacday. Amino acids waxay awood u leeyihiin inay gudaha u galaan jeexjeexyada timaha oo ay nuugaan qoyaanka maqaarka.Awooddan amino acids-ku-salaysan surfactants waxay ka dhigtaa mid aad u faa'iido badan shaambooyinka, timaha midabaynta, timaha jilciya, qaboojiyaha timaha, iyo joogitaanka amino acids waxay timaha ka dhigtaa mid adag.
11 Codsiyada qurxinta maalinlaha ah
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waxaa jira baahi sii kordheysa oo loo qabo samaynta saabuunta amino acid-ku-saleysan adduunka oo dhan.AAS waxaa la og yahay in ay leedahay awood nadiifin oo wanaagsan, awoodda xumbo-samaynta iyo guryaha jilicsan, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwa ku habboon saabuunta guriga, shaambada, dhaqidda jidhka iyo codsiyada kale.Amphoteric AAS-ka aspartic acid ka soo jeeda ayaa lagu soo waramayaa inuu yahay saabuun aad wax ku ool u leh oo leh sifooyin kilateri. Isticmaalka maaddooyinka saabuunta oo ka kooban N-alkyl-β-aminoethoxy acids ayaa la ogaaday inay yarayso cuncunka maqaarka. Samaynta saabuunta dareeraha ah ee ka kooban N-cocoyl-β-aminopropionate ayaa la sheegay inay tahay saabuun wax ku ool ah oo loogu talagalay wasakhowga saliidda ee meelaha birta ah. Surfactant aminocarboxylic acid, C 14 CHOHCH 2 NHCH 2 COONa, ayaa sidoo kale la muujiyay inuu leeyahay nadiifin wanaagsan waxaana loo isticmaalaa nadiifinta dunta, roogagga, timaha, muraayadaha, iwm. 2-hydroxy-3-aminopropionic acid-N, N- Derivative acetoacetic acid waxaa la og yahay in uu leeyahay awood isku dhafan oo wanaagsan oo sidaas siinaya xasilloonida wakiilada bleaching.
Diyaarinta qaababka saabuunta ee ku salaysan N- (N'-silsilad-dheer acyl-β-alanyl) -β-alanine ayaa lagu soo warramey Keigo iyo Tatsuya ee patentkooda si ay u dhaqmaan awoodda iyo xasiloonida wanaagsan, xumbo jabin fudud iyo jilicsanaanta dharka wanaagsan. . Kao waxay soo saartay saabuun ku salaysan N-Acyl-1 -N-hydroxy-β-alanine waxayna sheegtay in maqaarka hoos u dhaco, caabbinta biyaha sare iyo awoodda wasakheynta sare.
Shirkadda Japan ee Ajinomoto waxay isticmaashaa sun-yar oo si sahlan loo baabi'in karo AAS oo ku salaysan L-glutamic acid, L-arginine iyo L-lysine oo ah maaddooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee shaambada, saabuunta iyo waxyaalaha la isku qurxiyo (Jaantus 13). Awoodda wax-ku-darka ensaymes-ka ee qaababka saabuunta si looga saaro borotiinka wasakhaysan ayaa sidoo kale la soo sheegay. N-acyl AAS oo ka soo jeeda glutamic acid, alanine, methylglycine, serine iyo aspartic acid ayaa lagu soo warramey isticmaalkooda sida saabuunta dareeraha ah ee ugu fiican ee xalalka aqueous. Surfactants-yadani ma kordhiyaan viscosity haba yaraatee, xitaa heerkulka aadka u hooseeya, waxaana si fudud looga wareejin karaa weelka kaydinta ee qalabka xumboynta si loo helo xumbo isku mid ah.
Waqtiga boostada: Jun-09-2022